Trematode Proteomics: Recent Advances and Future Directions

Trematodes cause disease in millions of people worldwide, but the absence commercial vaccines has led to an over-reliance on a handful monotherapies control infections. Since drug-resistant fluke populations are emerging, deeper understanding parasite biology and host interactions is required identify new drug targets immunogenic vaccine candidates. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics represents key tool that end. Recent studies have capitalised wider availability annotated helminth genomes achieve greater coverage trematode proteomes discover aspects host–parasite relationship. This review focusses these latest advances. These include how protein components extracellular vesicles given insight into their biogenesis cellular interactions. In addition, integration transcriptome/proteome datasets revealed expression secretion selected families liver virulence factors immunomodulators regulated accordance with development migration within mammalian host. Furthermore, we discuss use immunoproteomics as candidates associated protective antibody responses. Finally, highlight established emerging technologies, such laser microdissection single-cell proteomics, could be exploited resolve profiles discrete tissues or cell types which, combination functional tools, pinpoint optimal for control.